Вопросы экологии

Вырубка лесов — одна из экологических проблем в России

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07.11.2013
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Во многих регионах России незаконная и бесконтрольная вырубка деревьев проводится систематически. По оценкам Всемирного фонда дикой природы (World Wildlife Fund, WWF) ежегодно Россия теряет около 1 миллиарда долларов из-за нелегальной рубки леса. Только в Архангельской области в прошлом году инспекторы зафиксировали 359 случаев незаконных вырубок, потери от которых составили 410 500 000 рублей ($ 12 млн). На глобальной карте обезлесения от Google можно найти достаточно подробную информацию об изменениях в лесном хозяйстве, произошедших в последние годы.

Самый высокий уровень незаконных лесозаготовок отмечается на северо-западе России и на Дальнем Востоке. Повышение ограничений на заготовку древесины в Китае увеличило спрос на российскую древесину. Так что дальневосточный лес отправляется в Китай, где лесопилки и их западные клиенты уничтожают ценные твердые породы деревьев, которых у нас остается все меньше и меньше. Агентство экологических исследований (The Environmental Investigation Agency, EIA) утверждает, что "80% древесины ценных пород вырубается на Дальнем Востоке незаконно."

Половина всего леса, импортируемого из России в ЕС, направляется в Финляндию. Швеция, Германия, Великобритания и Италия также являются крупными импортерами древесины из России.

Систематическое истребление лесных массивов наносит значительный урон дикой природе, разрушает экосистему, вытесняет с исконных мест обитания животных. Интенсивные вырубки, как утверждает WWF, угрожают существованию таких животных как глухарь, белоспинный дятел, амурский тигр и дальневосточный леопард. Исчезают ясень, липа, дуб и кедр. Также вырубка лесов является одной из главных причин увеличения парникового эффекта.

Несмотря на масштаб проблемы, нехватка человеческих ресурсов, низкая зарплата лесников, отсутствие контроля непосредственно в лесах и пробелы в законодательстве затрудняют предотвращение подобных преступных действий. Компании под видом рубки больных деревьев заготавливают здоровую ценную древесину. Некоторые арендаторы участков передают право на рубку другим компаниям, которые заготавливают больше разрешенных объемов, а арендаторы затем выкупают у них древесину вместе с излишками. Браконьеров необходимо поймать за руку, чтобы правоохранительные органы смогли привлечь их к ответственности. Когда деревья увозятся с места, где были срублены, предъявить что-то браконьерам уже невозможно. Продажа леса стала основным источником дохода недобросовестных лесников и чиновников. Кроме того, многие люди идут на вырубку леса из-за нищеты и безработицы, чтобы прокормить семью.

Деревья очищают воздух и поглощают углекислый газ, они очень важны в существующих экосистемах, поэтому необходимо защищать леса от уничтожения. Для прекращения вырубки лесов экологи предлагают осуществить инвентаризацию всех ресурсов, отдельно выращивать леса для заготовок и отменить все рубки ухода в защитных лесах. Также можно сделать невыгодными условия экспорта ценной древесины.

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